Chronology of Particle Physics Discoveries

Nobel prize in HEP

1895-> 1900-> 1910-> 1920-> 1930-> 1940-> 1950-> 1960-> 1970-> 1980-> 1990-> 1997

Chronology of Particle Physics Discoveries

Nobel prize in Elementary Particle Physics

1901, W. C. Roentgen;

1902

1903, H. Becquerel, M. Curie, P. Curie;

1904

1905

1906, J. J. Thomson;

1907

1908, E. Rutherford. (Chemistry);

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918, M. Planck;

1919

1920

1921, A. Einstein;

1922, N. Bohr;

1923, R. A. Millikan;

1924

1925

1926, J. B. Perrin;

1927, A. H. Compton and C.T.R. Wilson;

1928

1929, L. De Broglie;

1930

1931

1932, W. Heisenberg;

1933, E. Schroedinger and P.A.M. Dirac;

1934

1935. J. Chadwick;

1936, C.D. Anderson and V.F. Hess;

1937, C.J. Davisson and G.P. Thomson;

1938

1939, E.O. Lawrence;

1943, O. Stern;

1944, I.I. Rabi;

1945, W. Pauli;

1946

1947

1948, P.M.S. Blackett;

1949, H. Yukawa;

1950, C.F. Powell;

1951, E.T.S. Walton and J.D. Cockcroft;

1952

1953

1954, M. Born and W. Bothe;

1955, P. Kusch and W.E. Lamb;

1956

1957, C.N. Yang and T.D. Lee;

1958, I.E. Tamm, I.M. Frank and P.A. Cerenkov;

1959, E.G. Segre and O. Chamberlain;

1960, D.A. Glaser;

1961, R. Hofstadter and R. Moessbauer;

1962

1963, E.P. Wigner,; J.H.D. Jensen, and M. Goeppert-Mayer;

1964

1965, J.S. Schwinger, R.P. Feynman and S. Tomonaga;

1966

1967

1968, L. W. Alvarez;

1969, M. Gell-Mann;

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976, B. Richter, S.C.C. Ting;

1977

1978

1979, A. Salam, S.L. Glashow and S. Weinberg;

1980, J.W. Cronin and V.L. Fitch;

1981

1982

1983

1984, C. Rubbia and S. van der Meer;

1985

1986

1987

1988, J. Steinberger, L.M. Lederman, and M. Schwartz;

1989, H. G. Dehmelt, W. Paul, and N.F. Ramsey

1990, H.W. Kendall, J.I. Friedman, and R.E. Taylor;

1991

1992, G. Charpak;

1993

1994

1995, F. Reines and M. Perl;

1895 Observation that cathode rays are the flow of negatively charged particles

Nobel prize to Jean Baptiste Perrin (France) awarded in 1926 ``for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium''

1895 Discovery of the X rays

Nobel prize to Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany) awarded in 1901, "for the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"

1896 Evidence for spontaneous radioactivity effect.

Nobel prize to Antoine Henri Becquerel (France) awarded in 1903 "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity". Co-winners Marie Curie and Pierre Curie (France) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel"

1896 Confirmation of the effect of spontaneous radioactivity.;

Nobel prize to Antoine Henri Becquerel (France) awarded in 1903 "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity". Co-winners Marie Curie and Pierre Curie (France) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel"

1896 Radioactivity confirmation, uranium radiation is not identical to Roentgen X rays

Nobel prize to Antoine Henri Becquerel (France) awarded in 1903 "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity". Co-winners Marie Curie and Pierre Curie (France) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel"

1896 Uranium radioactivity established.

Nobel prize to Antoine Henri Becquerel (France) awarded in 1903 "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity". Co-winners Marie Curie and Pierre Curie (France) "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel"

1897 Discovery of the electron, the first elementary particle.

Nobel prize to Sir Joseph John Thomson (England) awarded in 1906 "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"

1899 Evidence for the α and β components of uranium radiation

Nobel prize in chemistry to E. Rutherford awarded in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances"

1900 Evidence for the γ radioactivity

1900 Confirmation of the γ radioactivity

1900 γ radioactivity established.

1900 Discovery of a new formula for the energy spectrum of the black body radiation, Planck's radiation law

Nobel prize to Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Germany) awarded in 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"

1900 Quantum hypothesis and explanation of the black body radiation spectrum. Beginnings of the quantum era in physics.

Nobel prize to Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Germany) awarded in 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"

1901 Quantum hypothesis and final version of Planck's formula for the black body radiation spectrum.

Nobel prize to Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Germany) awarded in 1918 "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"

1901 First experimental evidence for pressure of the light on the solid bodies

1903 Observation that α rays are the flow of doubly positive charged particles.

1905 Introduction of the relativity principle as an overall law of nature valid for all forces including the gravitational one. Formulation of the equation of the relativistic mechanics and transformation laws for electromagnetic field and current. Establishing of the Lorentz group as a symmetry group of nature. First proposal to modify Newtonian theory of gravity on the basis of the relativity principle. Prediction of the gravitational waves propagating with the speed of light

1905 Explanation of the photoelectric effect with use of the quantum hypothesis of Planck. Light is a flow of corpuscular objects with definite energies - Planck's quanta of energy

Nobel prize to Albert Einstein (Germany) awarded in 1921 "for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially of the law of the photoelectric effect"

1905 Invention of the theory of special relativity. Beginnings ofthe relativistic era in physics

Nobel prize to Albert Einstein (Germany) awarded in 1921 "for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially of the law of the photoelectric effect"

1905 Invention of the theory of special relativity, E = mc². Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics

Nobel prize to Albert Einstein (Germany) awarded in 1921 "for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially of the law of the photoelectric effect"

1906 Corpuscular-wave dualism for photons. Explanation of the photoelectric effect using the quantum hypothesis of Planck

Nobel prize to Albert Einstein (Germany) awarded in 1921 "for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially of the law of the photoelectric effect"

1909 First explicit identification of the photon as a genuine elementary particle possessing both energy and momentum

1911 First conclusive measurement of the charge of the electron

Nobel prize to Robert Andrews Millikan (United States) awarded in 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photo-electric effect"

1911 Evidence for the atomic nucleus. Rutherford model for atomic structure.

1912 Conclusive evidence for the cosmic rays.

Nobel prize to Victor Franz Hess (Austria) awarded in 1936 "for his discovery of cosmic radiation". Co-winner Carl David Anderson (United States) "for his discovery of the positron"

1912 Invention of the cloud chamber to visualize tracks of ionizing particles

Nobel prize to Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (Scotland) awarded in 1927 "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". Co-winner Arthur Holly Compton (United States) "for his discovery of the effect named after him"

1913 Confirmation of cosmic rays

Nobel prize to Victor Franz Hess (Austria) awarded in 1936 "for his discovery of cosmic radiation". Co-winner Carl David Anderson (United States) "for his discovery of the positron"

1913 First precise measurement of the charge of the electron and the Avogadro constant

Nobel prize to Robert Andrews Millikan (United States) awarded in 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"

1913 Invention of the quantum theory of atomic spectra based on the Rutherford model of atomic structure - Bohr's atom

Nobel prize to Niels Hendrik David Bohr (Denmark) awarded in 1922 "for his investigation of the structure of atoms, and of the radiation emanating from them"

1913 Bohr's quantum theory of atomic spectra. Evidence that radioactivity is a nuclear property

Nobel prize to Niels Hendrik David Bohr (Denmark) awarded in 1922 "for his investigation of the structure of atoms, and of the radiation emanating from them"

1913 Confirmation of the existence of atomic nuclei. First indication of the existence of the proton

1914 The β spectrum is continuous (first observation). Indirect evidence on the existence of neutral penetrating particles

1916 First conclusive measurement of energy quantization in the photoelectric effect

Nobel prize to Robert Andrews Millikan (United States) awarded in 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"

1918 Bohr's invention of correspondence principle

Nobel prize to Niels Hendrik David Bohr (Denmark) awarded in 1922 "for his investigation of the structure of atoms, and of the radiation emanating from them"

1919 Discovery of the proton. Evidence for the proton as a constituent of the nucleus

1920 Rutherford neutron hypothesis

1921 Evidence for the strong interactions.

1923 Direct experimental confirmation that the photon is an elementary particle, the Compton effect

Nobel prize to Arthur Holly Compton (United States) awarded in 1927 "for his discovery of the effect named after him". Co-winner Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (Scotland) "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"

1923 Suggestion of the corpuscular-wave dualism for electrons - de Broglie waves of matter particles

Nobel prize to Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (France) awarded in 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"

1923 Suggestion of the corpuscular - wave dualism for electro ns. Prediction of diffraction phenomena for electrons

Nobel prize to Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (France) awarded in 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"

1923 Experimental confirmation of the ionization process predicted by Compton for a corpuscular photon

Nobel prize to Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (Scotland) awarded in 1927 "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". Co-winner Arthur Holly Compton (United States) "for his discovery of the effect named after him"

1924 Discovery of new statistical counting rules for light quanta and a new derivation of Planck's radiation law. Known as Bose-Einstein quantum statistics for particles with integer spins

1924 Extension of the Bose method to the monoatomic gases. Prediction of Bose-Einstein condensation effect

Nobel prize to Albert Einstein (Germany) awarded in 1921 "for services to Theoretical Physics, and especially of the law of the photoelectric effect"

1925 Extension of the Bose method to the monoatomic ideal gases. Prediction of Bose-Einstein condensation effect and rediscovery of the wave properties of matter particles

1925 Introduction of an additional two-valued degree of freedom for the atomic electron.

Nobel prize to Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (Germany) awarded in 1945 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"

1925 Discovery of the exclusion principle - the Pauli principle

Nobel prize to Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (Germany) awarded in 1945 "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"

1925 Invention of the electron spin hypothesis and the notion of an elementary spin

1925 Foundation of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg approach.

Nobel prize to W. Heisenberg awarded in 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics"

1925 Invention of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with one degree of freedom.

1926 Development of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with arbitrary many degrees of freedom.

1926 Firm establishment of cosmic rays

Nobel prize to Victor Franz Hess (Austria) awarded in 1936 "for his discovery of cosmic radiation". Co-winner Carl David Anderson (United States) "for his discovery of the positron"

1926 Invention of statistics for ensembles of particles obeying Pauli principle

1926 Invention of statistics for ensembles of particles obeying Pauli principle - Fermi--Dirac quantum statistics

1926 Creation of wave mechanics. Invention of the Schroedinger wave equation

Nobel prize to Erwin Schroedinger (Austria) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1926 Wave mechanics: First applications.

Nobel prize to Erwin Schroedinger (Austria) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1926 Equivalency of quantum mechanics of Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan and wave mechanics of Schroedinger.

Nobel prize to Erwin Schroedinger (Austria) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1926 Wave mechanics: Perturbation theory and applications.

Nobel prize to Erwin Schroedinger (Austria) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1926 Wave mechanics: Further development and generalization

Nobel prize to Erwin Schroedinger (Austria) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1926 Statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics. Quantum theory of particles scattering. Born approximation.

Nobel prize to Max Born (Germany) awarded in 1954 "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wave-function". Co-winner Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (Germany) "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"

1926 Statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics: Further development.

Nobel prize to Max Born (Germany) awarded in 1954 "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wave-function". Co-winner Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (Germany) "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"

1926 Rediscovery of statistics for an ensemble of fermions - the Fermi-Dirac quantum statistics.

1926 Statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics: Further development

Nobel prize to Max Born (Germany) awarded in 1954 "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wave-function". Co-winner Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (Germany) "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"

1927 Experimental evidence that the electron moves as a group of de Broglie waves

Nobel Prize to Clinton Joseph Davisson (United States) awarded in 1937. Co-winner Sir George Paget Thomson (England) "for the experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"

1927 First steps in quantum field theory. Invention of the second quantization method.

1927 Foundations of quantum electrodynamics - QED.

1927 Confirmation that the β spectrum is continuous

1927 Further confirmation that the β spectrum is continuous

1927 Heisenberg discovery of the uncertainty principle.

1927 Invention of spatial parity as quantum mechanical conserved quantity

Nobel prize to Eugene Paul Wigner (United States) awarded in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus och the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". Co-winners M.~Goeppert-Mayer and J.~H.~D.~Jensen "for their discoveries of nuclear shell structure"

1927 Discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals. Confirmation of the wave properties of moving electrons.

Nobel Prize to Clinton Joseph Davisson (United States) awarded in 1937. Co-winner Sir George Paget Thomson (England) "for the experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"

1928 Confirmation of diffraction of electrons by crystals.

Nobel prize to Sir George Paget Thomson (England) awarded in 1937. Co-winn er Clinton Joseph Davisson (United States) "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"

1928 Discovery of the relativistic wave equation for the electron. Prediction of the magnetic moment of the electron.

Nobel prize to Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Erwin Schrodinger (Austria), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1928 Explanation of α decay as a consequence of quantum-mechanical tunneling through a potential barrier

1928 Relativistic wave equation for the electron and theory of the Zeeman effect.

Nobel prize to Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (England) awarded in 1933. Co-winner Erwin Schroedinger (Austria), "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

1929 Birth of the cosmic rays particle physics. Observation of energetic cosmic electrons and a shower produced by cosmic ray particle.

1929 Observation that the cosmic rays at sea level consist mainly of ionizing particles

Nobel prize to Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (Germany) awarded in 1954 "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith". Co-winner Max Born (Germany) "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially "for his statistical interpretation of the wave-function"

1929 First step in metrology of the general physical constants.

1930 Introduction of the negative energy electron sea with holes treated as the positive electron. Attempted to identify these holes with protons

1930 Firm establishment that the β spectrum is continuous

1930 Proposal for the existence of the neutral fermion emitted in nuclear β decay - the neutrino.

1930 Difficulties with identifying positive holes with protons in the Dirac theory of electrons and protons. Too small a lifetime of the ordinary atom.

1930 First evidence of ultraviolet divergencies of higher order approximations in QED.

1931 Prediction of the anti-electron (positron), anti-proton, and indication on the possible existence of the magnetic monopoles

1931 Lawrence proposal for cyclotrons

Nobel prize to Ernest Orlando Lawrence (United States) awarded in 1939 "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"

1931 Tests of the first cyclotron.

Nobel prize to Ernest Orlando Lawrence (United States) awarded in 1939 "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artifical radioactive elements"

1931 Invention of the Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator;

1932 Experimental proof that the photon has spin = 1.

1932 First experimental evidence for the positron.

Nobel prize to Carl David Anderson (United States) awarded in 1936 "for his discovery of the positron". Co-winner Victor Franz Hess (Austria) "for his discovery of cosmic rays"

1932 First evidence for the neutron

Nobel prize to Sir James Chadwick (England) awarded in 1935 "for his discovery of the neutron"

1932 Discovery of the neutron.

Nobel prize to Sir James Chadwick (England) awarded in 1935 "for his discovery of the neutron"

1932 First evidence of nuclear reactions with accelerated protons. Cockcroft--Walton accelerator.

Nobel prize to Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (England) and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (Ireland) awarded in 1951 "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"

1932 Suggestion that the neutron is a constituent of the atomic nucleus

1932 Evidence for the deuteron.

1932 Description of the space of states for quantum systems with an arbitrary (infinite) number of particles --- Fock space

1932 Suggestion that atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons. First theory of nuclear exchange forces. Invention of nucleon isotopic spin.

1932 Confirmation of fast penetrating charged particles in cosmic rays.

Nobel prize to Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (England) awarded in 1948 "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and his discoveries therewith in the field of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"

1932 Discovery of the deuteron.

1932 Further development of cyclotrons

Nobel prize to Ernest Orlando Lawrence (United States) awarded in 1939 "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artifical radioactive elements"

1932 Introduction of time inversion transformation in quantum mechanics

Nobel prize to Eugene Paul Wigner (United States) awarded in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus och the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". Co-winners M.~Goeppert-Mayer and J.~H.~D.~Jensen "for their discoveries of nuclear shell structure"

1933 Invention of electrostatic accelerators.

1933 Discovery of the positron, the first antiparticle, predicted by Dirac

Nobel prize to Carl David Anderson (United States) awarded in 1936 "for his discovery of the positron". Co-winner Victor Franz Hess (Austria) "for his discovery of cosmic rays"

1933 e⁺ and shower confirmation. First indication for e⁺e^- pair production

Nobel prize to Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (England) awarded in 1948 "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and his discoveries therewith in the field of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"

1933 Further development of the theory of nuclear forces

1933 First measurement of the proton magnetic moment

Nobel prize to Otto Stern (United States) awarded in 1943 "for his contributions to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"

1933 First measurement of the proton magnetic moment

Nobel prize to Otto Stern (United States) awarded in 1943 "for his contributions to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"

1934 First evidence for deuteron photodisintegration. First precise measurements of the neutron mass

1934 Explanation of the continuous electron energy spectrum in β decay. Proposal for the neutrino

1934 Field theory for β decay. First estimation of the neutrino mass.

1934 Prediction of the negative anomalous magnetic moment of the neutron

1934 First evidence for Cherenkov radiation

Nobel prize to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russia), Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank (Russia) and Igor Evgenevich Tamm (Russia) awarded in 1958 "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"

1934 First attempt to understand Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation. Evidences that it is not a luminescence

1934 First evidence that the spin of the deuteron is 1

1934 First measurements of magnetic moments of the deuteron and neutron

1935 Yukawa field theory of nuclear forces. Prediction of heavy quanta, the pion particles, as mediators of strong interactions.

Nobel prize to Hideki Yukawa (Japan) awarded in 1949 "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces

1936 Breit-Wigner form of the amplitude for resonance reactions

1936 Extension of Fermi Interaction and Gamow-Teller selection rules

1936 Hypothesis of charge independence of nuclear forces

1936 Proposal of the isotopic spin (for the nucleon).

1937 Theoretical explanation of v Cerenkov radiation phenomenon.

Nobel prize to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russia), Ilya Mikaylovich Frank(Russia) and Igor Evgenevich Tamm (Russia) awarded in 1958 "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"

1937 Discovery of supermultiplet structure in nuclear spectroscopy.

Nobel prize to Eugene Paul Wigner (United States) awarded in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus och the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". Co-winners M.~Goeppert-Mayer and J.~H.~D.~Jensen "for their discoveries of nuclear shell structure"

1937 First evidence for the muon

1937 Symmetrical theory of electrons and positrons. Majora na neutrino theory

1937 Confirmation of the muon existence

1937 Treatment of infrared divergence

1937 Confirmation of the Frank-Tamm theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect

Nobel prize to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russia), Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank(Russia) and Igor Evgenevich Tamm (Russia) awarded in 1958 "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect"

1937 Muon existence confirmation

1937 First proposal for the S matrix formalism

1937 Confirmation of the existence of the muon

1937 Establishment of the neutron spin 1/2

1938 First evidence for the capture of atomic electrons by the weak interaction;; K-capture

1938 Invention of the baryonic quantum number conservation law

1939 First cyclotron for medical applications

1939 High-precision measurements of proton and deuteron magnetic moments

Nobel prize to Isidor Isaac Rabi (United States) awarded in 1944 "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"

1939 First evidence of muon decay and first estimation of its lifetime

1939 Further development of the metrology of fundamental physics parameters

1940 First observation of muon decay

1940 First direct measurement of the neutron magnetic moment

1940 Theorem on the connection between spin and statistics

1940 Kerst proposal for betatron accerlerator

1941 First measurement of the muon lifetime, preliminary result

1941 First betatron

1941 First measurement of the muon lifetime

1942 Evidence for the muon exponential decay rate

1942 Confirmation of the muon exponential decay rate

1943 First Fermi nuclear reactor. Beginning of atomic energy era

1943 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory;

Nobel prize to Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Richard Phillips Feynman (United States), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1943 Invention of the S-matrix formalism

1944 Invention of the principle of phase stability for accelerators

1944 First evidence for the K⁺

1944 Landau distribution for fast particle energy loss by ionization

1944 Limitation of the maximal energy attainable in a betatron

1945 Invention of the principle of phase stability for accelerators

1946 Gamow indication on the possibility to explain the observed chemical elements abundance-curve by assumption of unequilibrium process of elements formation during a limited interval of time. Birth of the Big Bang model

1946 Further development of the synchrotron idea

1946 Proposal for the radiochemical method of detecting the neutrino

1947 Evidence that the muon is not a strong interaction mediator

1947 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory;

Nobel prize to Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Richard Phillips Feynman (United States), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1947 First cyclotron based on the phase stability principle -- the Berkeley 184 inch synchrocyclotron

1947 First indication of the existence of the π^-

1947 Confirmation of the π^-

Nobel prize to Cecil Frank Powell (England) awarded in 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with his method"

1947 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory;

Nobel prize to Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Richard Phillips Feynman (United States), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1947 First measurements of the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, the Lamb shift

Nobel prize to Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (United States) awarded in 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". Co-winner Polycarp Kusch (United States) "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"

1947 First idea about universality of the Fermi weak interactions

1947 First theoretical calculation of the Lamb shift in non-relativistic QED

1947 Invention of scintillation counters

1947 First measurement of g-2 for the electron, preliminary result

Nobel prize to Polycarp Kusch (United States) awarded in 1955 "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron". Co-winner Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (United States) "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"

1947 First indication of the existence of π^- decay into μ^-

Nobel prize to Cecil Frank Powell (England) awarded in 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with his method"

1947 π^- existence confirmation. First evidence for pion decay π^± → μ^± neutrals

Nobel prize to Cecil Frank Powell (England) awarded in 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with his method"

1947 First evidence for V events. Confirmation of the existence of a charged unstable particle with a mass between those of the muon and proton

1948 Nonexistence of μ^- → e^- γ decay

1948 The first explicit theoretical paper on the investigation of the electromagnetic structure of a nucleus by electron-nucleus scattering

1948 First measurement of g-2 for the electron

Nobel prize to Polycarp Kusch (United States) awarded in 1955 "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron". Co-winner Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (United States) "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"

1948 First theoretical calculation of g-2 for electron

1948 Nonexistence of μ^- → e^- γ decay

1948 Proposal to modify classical electrodynamics to form suitable for quantization

1948 First evidence for neutron β decay

1948 Creation of the covariant theory of quantum electrodynamics. Feynman method

Nobel prize to Richard Phillips Feynman (United States) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1948 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Schwinger method

Nobel prize to Professor Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Japan) and Richard Phillips Feynman (United States), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1948 Confirmation of the nonexistence of μ^- → e^- γ decay

1948 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Tomonaga method.

Nobel prize to Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Richard Phillips Feynman (United States), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1948 Invention of the path integral formalism for quantum mechanics

1949 First evidence for three-prong kaon decay

Nobel prize to Cecil Frank Powell (England) awarded in 1950 "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with his method"

1949 First pion production reaction by accelerator

1949 Covariant quantum electrodynamics: Equivalence between the Tomonaga-Schwinger method and the Feynman method and generalization

1949 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Schwinger method

Nobel prize to Professor Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Japan) and Richard Phillips Feynman (United States), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1949 Evidence for the continuous energy distribution of the e^- in the decay μ^- → e^- X

1949 Proposal of the universality of the Fermi interaction

1949 Confirmation of the continuous energy distribution of the e^- in the decay μ^- → e^- x. Muon spin = 1/2

1949 Covariant quantum electrodynamics: Equivalence between the Tomonaga-Schwinger method and the Feynman method and generalization

1949 Creation of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Feynman method

1949 Development of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Feynman method

Nobel prize to Richard Phillips Feynman (United States) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1949 Invention of semi-conductor detectors

1949 First composite model of pions

1949 Creation of the spark chamber method for particle tracking

1950 First evidence for the existence of the π⁰

1950 First observation of neutron β decay

1950 Ward identity in quantum electrodynamics

1950 Further evidence for V events

1950 Confirmation of neutron β decay

1950 Further confirmation of neutron β decay

1950 Invention of liquid scintillation counters

1950 Another invention of liquid scintillation counters

1950 First evidence for the production of the π⁰ and for π⁰ → γ γ decay

1950 Confirmation of the existence of the π⁰, first estimation of the π⁰ lifetime

1950 Systematic treatment of the application of variational principles to the quantum theory of scattering. Invention of the Lippmann-Schwinger form of the Schr"odinger equation.

1950 Mathematical proof of the validity of the Feynman rules for calculations of amplitudes in QED

Nobel prize to Richard Phillips Feynman (United States) awarded in 1965. Co-winners: Julian Seymour Schwinger (United States) and Professor Sin-itiro Tomonaga (Tokyo), "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

1950 First evidence for multiple hadron production in nucleon-nucleon interactions. First evidence for the forward jet of secondary particles in hadronic interactions

1951 Confirmation of the π⁰ and π⁰ → γ γ decay. Direct determination of the π^- parity

1951 Confirmation of π^- odd parity

1951 First evidence for K⁺ → μ⁺ neutral (neutrals) decay

1951 Confirmation of the existence of heavy unstable particles

1951 Further confirmation of the existence of heavy unstable particles

1951 Determination of the spin of the π⁺

1951 First evidence for the zero spin of the π⁺

1951 Evidence for the possible existence of the Λ hyperon. First evidence for the K⁰ meson

1951 Evidence for two types of neutral V particles, baryonic and mesonic

1951 K⁺ existence confirmation

1951 Evidence for the possible existence of the Λ hyperon. First evidence for the K⁰ meson

1951 First results from electron-nuclei scattering experiment;

1951 Bethe-Salpeter relativistic equation for two-body bound state problems

1952 Confirmation of the existence of heavy charged unstable particles

1952 Prediction of rising total hadronic cross sections

1952 First indication for the Δ(1232P₃₃) resonance

1952 Further evidence for the Δ(1232P₃₃)⁺⁺ resonance

1952 Hypothesis on associative production of V0 particles

1952 Invention of the strong focusing principle for accelerators

1952 First evidence for the Ξ^- hyperon

1953 First evidence for the charged Σ hyperon

1953 Confirmation of the existence of Σ⁺ and Σ^- hyperons

1953 Direct experimental evidence for the Σ⁺

1953 First evidence for K → π π decay

1953 First measurement of the K⁰ mass

1953 First V-event production at the Cosmotron

1953 First evidence of charged particle tracks in a bubble chamber

Nobel prize to Donald Arthur Glaser (United States) awarded in 1960 "for the invention of the bubble chambers"

1953 Confirmation of the existence of the Λ hyperon. First evidence for associated production of heavy unstable particles

1953 First evidence for the ν_e

Nobel prize to Frederick Reines awarded in 1995 "for the detection of the neutrino". Co-winner Martin Perl for the discovery of the τ lepton"

1953 Extension of isotopic multiplet structure for new unstable particles. Explanation of pairwise production of V particles

Nobel prize to Murray Gell-Mann (United States) awarded in 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their reactions"

1953 Invention of the concept of lepton quantum number

1953 Confirmation of the existence of the Ξ^-

1953 Further confirmation of the Ξ^-

1953 Confirmation of the existence of the Δ(1232P₃₃) resonance

1953 First evidence for a hypernucleus

1953 Invention of the Dalitz plot method to analyse spatial quantum numbers of mesons by their decays into three known particles

1953 Invention of the renormalization group

1954 Confirmation of the decays K^± → μ^± neutral

1954 Confirmation of the existence of the Σ^-. Evidence for the associated production of strange particles

1954 Confirmation of Ξ^- cascade decay. First indication for Λ

1954 First indication on zero spin and odd parity for the K meson

1954 Invention and exploration of the renormalization group concept

1954 Forward dispersion relations for massive particles

1954 Introduction of local gauge isotopic spin invariance in quantum field theory: Yang-Mills theory

1954 Evidence for K⁺ → π⁺ π⁰ decay

1954 Theoretical evidence for CPT invariance in local quantum field theory

1955 First experimental evidence that neutrino is not identical with antineutrino

1955 Prediction of the long lived kaon K_L

1955 Forward dispersion relations for massive particles

1955 Confirmation of the associated production of strange particles. First indication of the existence of the Σ⁰

1955 Dispersion relations for massive particles

1955 Forward dispersion relations for massive particles

1955 Confirmation of the existence of K⁺ and K^-

1955 Confirmation of the existence of the K⁺

1955 First precise measurement of the K⁺ mass

1955 First measurement of the K⁺ lifetime. First evidence for the equality of lifetimes of the Θ and τ mesons

1955 K⁺ lifetime measurements from decays in flight

1955 Invention the theory of the diffractive shadow effects in the high energy reactions with composite particles

1955 Further measurements of charged-kaons masses. Masses of the strange K⁺, Θ, and τ mesons are equal

1955 Experimental evidence for the antiproton

Nobel prize to Owen Chamberlain (United States) and Emillio Gino Segre (United States) awarded in 1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton"

1955 Evidence that strong interactions do not modify the vector coupling constant of β decay. Analogy between electromagnetic and weak interactions

1955 Confirmation of the associated production of strange particles

1955 First evidence for the odd parity of the π⁰

1955 Proposal for the K_L → K_S regeneration experiment

1955 Beginnings of the axiomatic field theory of the S-matrix;

1955 Invention of flash tube chambers

1955 Measurements of charged kaon decay branching fractions

1955 First GeV linear accelerator at Stanford

1955 Nishijima classification of strange particles with prediction of Σ⁰ and Ξ⁰ hyperons

1956 Confirmation of the equality of the masses of K⁺ and τ⁺ mesons

1956 Confirmation of the equality of the lifetimes of K⁺ and Θ (K⁺ → π⁺ π⁰) mesons

1956 Confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

1956 Firm establishment of the K⁺ lifetime value. Establishment of equality of the lifetimes of K⁺ (K⁺ → μ⁺ neutral), θ (K⁺ → π⁺ π⁰), and τ⁺ (K⁺ → π⁺ π⁺ π^-) mesons

1956 Wightman axiomatic field theory

1956 First indication of annihilation of the antiproton in matter

1956 First evidence for the annihilation of the antiproton in emulsion

Nobel prize to Owen Chamberlain (United States) and Emillio Gino Segre (United States) awarded in 1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton"

1956 Static model for the pion-nucleon interaction

1956 First realistic proposal for probing high energies by colliding beams of particles

1956 First measurement of the proton electromagnetic radius

Nobel prize to Robert Hofstadter (United States) awarded in 1961 "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons". Co-winner Rudolf Ludwig Moessbauer (Germany) "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of γ radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"

1956 Confirmation of antiproton-nucleon annihilation

Nobel prize to Owen Chamberlain (United States) and Emillio Gino Segre (United States) awarded in 1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton"

1956 Confirmation of the detection of the ν_e

Nobel prize to Frederick Reines awarded in 1995 "for the detection of the neutrino". Co-winner Martin Perl "for the discovery of the τ lepton"

1956 First detection of the free neutrino

Nobel prize to Frederick Reines awarded in 1995 "for the detection of the neutrino". Co-winner Martin Perl "for the discovery of the τ lepton"

1956 First evidence for the K_L

1956 Confirmation of the existence of the K_L

1956 Proposals to test spatial parity conservation in weak interactions

Nobel prize to Tsung-dao Lee (United States) and Chen Ning Yang (United States) awarded in 1957 "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws, which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"

1956 First evidence for the antineutron

1956 Invention of G-parity for nonstrange mesons

1956 Development of the renormalization group method in quantum field theory

1956 Generalization of the renormalization group equations in QED for arbitrary covariant gauge

1956 Gell-Mann classification of strange particles with prediction of Σ⁰ and Ξ⁰

1956 Formulation of the Bogolyubov axiomatic approach to the local quantum field theory. Derivation of dispersion relations in field theory for pion nucleon scattering amplitude, general case

1957 Derivation of dispersion relations in field theory for pion nucleon forward scattering amplitude

1956 Invention of composite model for hadrons based on three basic elements

1957 Indication of the possibility of charge conjugation violation in weak interactions

1957 Confirmation of the existence of the Σ⁰ hyperon. First measurement of the Σ⁰ mass

1957 Postulation of γ-5 invariance for the weak interaction Lagrangian. Two-component theory of neutrino

1957 Confirmation of antiproton-nucleon annihilation

1957 First evidence for parity nonconservation in weak decays;

1957 Confirmation of parity violation in weak decays. Evidence of charge conjugation parity violation in weak interactions. Measurement of the μ^- magnetic moment

1957 Two-component theory of neutrino

1957 Confirmation of parity nonconservation in weak decays

1957 Introduction of the CP conservation law in weak interactions and CP parity

1957 Suggestion of the two-component theory for the neutrino

1957 Confirmation of the existence of the K_L

1957 Charge conjugation invariance violation in weak interactions

1957 Further confirmation of spatial parity nonconservation in β decays.

1957 Rigorous derivation of the dispersion relations for pion photoproduction amplitude

1957 Further proposals for CP invariance

1957 Introduction of lepton-family-number conservation

1957 Evidence for limited transverse momenta in hadronic showers

1957 Introduction of the intermediate vector boson in weak interactions

1957 First review of particle properties data.

1957 Description of the electromagnetic structure of the nucleon by form factors

1958 First collection of particle physics data in a compact and readily accessible form

1958 First measurement of the K_S - K_L mass difference

1958 First evidence for the Λ

1958 CVC and symmetry between electromagnetism and weak interaction:. Δ(S) = Δ(Q) for nonleptonic decays of the strange particles

1958 First evidence for π_e2 decay

1958 Confirmation of π_e2 decay

1958 Proposed method for extraction of pion-pion interactions;

1958 First evidence of Λ β decay

1958 Confirmation of Λ β decay

1958 Proposal for the possibility of neutrino-antineutrino oscillations

1958 First evidence for the negative ν_e helicity (ν_e is left handed)

1958 Prediction of the existence and some properties of the η and η'(958) particles on the basis of Sakata model. Invention of the ΔS = ΔQ selection rule

1958 Theorem on asymptotic equality of hadron-hadron and anti-hadron-hadron interaction cross sections

1958 Confirmation of the existence of the antineutron

1958 Goldberger-Treiman relations

1958 Universal V-A weak interactions

1958 Failure of Universal Fermi interactions in the β decay of hyperons

1958 Dispersion relation in two variables, Mandelstam representation.

1958 Evidence for limited transverse momenta in hadronic jets;

1959 Prediction of the optical activity of atomic media due to possible weak neutral currents. Prediction the anapole moments of nuclei, due to weak interactions

1959 Principle of the spark chamber

1959 Confirmation of the existence of hadronic jets in high energy collisions. Average P_T of hadrons in jets is limited and almost in dependent of jet energy

1959 First evidence for the Ξ⁰

1959 First observation of an enhancement in the production oflike-charge pairs of pions with similar momenta

1959 First direct determination of the parity of the π⁰

1959 Invention the quasi-classical theory of nuclear reactions at high energies

1959 Confirmation of the detection of the ν_e

Nobel prize to Frederick Reines awarded in 1995 "for the detection of the neutrino. Co-winner Martin Perl "for the discovery of the τ lepton"

1959 Introduction of SU(3) symmetry for hadrons. Prediction of the existence of the η meson

1959 Invention of Landau singularities for perturbative amplitudes

1959 Proposed experiments to establish distinguishability of ν_e and ν_μ. Indication on the feasibility of neutrino beams with accelerators

1959 Method for extraction of pion-pion interactions

1959 Introduction of Regge poles

1960 Non linear σ model

1960 First theoretical estimations of dipole polarizabilities of nucleons

1960 Confirmation of the feasibility of neutrino beams with accelerators

Nobel prize to Leon M. Lederman (United States), Melvin Schwartz (United States) and Jack Steinberger (United States) awarded in 1988 "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

1960 Prediction of the spin = 1, isospin = 1 resonance in the two-pion system

1960 First evidence for the Σ⁰

1960 First evidence for the Σ(1385P₁₃)

Nobel prize to Luis Walter Alvarez (United States) awarded in 1968 "for his decisive contribution to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the hydrogen bubble chamber technique and data analysis"

1960 First evidence for the Σ^-

1960 Interpretation of the enhancement in the production of like charge pairs of pions with similar momenta as an influence of Bose-Einstein correlations

1960 Introduction of Regge poles

1960 First measurement of electrical polarizability of the proton

1961 Prediction of the spin=1, isospin=1 resonance in the two-pion system

1961 Prediction of unavoidable massless bosons if global symmetry of the Lagrangian is spontaneously broken

1961 Invention of the gauge principle as basis to construct quantum theories of interacting fundamental fields

1961 Confirmation of Λ production

1961 Nambu-Jona-Lasinio nonlinear model of hadrons

1961 First conclusive measurements of the π⁰ lifetime

1961 Froissart upper bound on the total cross sections of hadronic collisions

1961 Nambu-Jona-Lasinio nonlinear model of hadrons

1961 First evidence for K_L → K_S regeneration

1961 Prediction of the "radiation self-polarization" effect for electrons moving in magnetic field

1961 First evidence for the K^*(892) resonance

Nobel prize to Luis Walter Alvarez (United States) awarded in 1968 "for his decisive contribution to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the hydrogen bubble chamber technique and data analysis"

1961 Generalization of Regge asymptotics for relativistic scattering amplitudes

1961 Evidence for the ρ(770) meson resonance

1961 Another evidence for the ρ(770) meson resonance

1961 First evidence for the Λ(1405S₀₁) resonance

Nobel prize to Luis Walter Alvarez (United States) awarded in 1968 "for his decisive contribution to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the hydrogen bubble chamber technique and data analysis"

1961 Introduction of the SU(3) octet structure of the known mesons and baryons

Nobel prize to Murray Gell-Mann (United States) awarded in 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their reactions"

1961 First evidence for the ω(783) meson resonance

Nobel prize to Luis Walter Alvarez (United States) awarded in 1968 "for his decisive contribution to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the hydrogen bubble chamber technique and data analysis"

1961 Introduction of the SU(3) octet structure of the known mesons and baryons

1961 Confirmation of the existence of the ω(783) meson

1961 Invention of equivalence of elementary hadrons and hadronic resonances on the basis of Regge trajectories. Invention of Chew-Frautschi plot to classify hadrons. Invention of the vacuum pomeron trajectory

1961 First evidence for the η meson. Confirmation of the ω(783) meson

1961 First introduction of the neutral intermediate boson

Nobel prize to Sheldon Lee Glashow (United States) awarded in 1979. Co-winners Steven Weinberg (United States) and Abdus Salam (England) "for their contribution to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current"

1961 AGS (30 GeV) at BNL -- the first strong focusing proton synchrotron

1962 First observation of the π⁺ β decay. First direct experimental evidence for the validity of the CVC hypothesis

1962 Determination of the Σ parity

1962 First evidence for Ξ^- Ξ⁺ pair production

1962 Confirmation of the existence of the Ξ⁺

1962 First evidence for the ν_μ. Evidence for more than one kind of neutrinos

Nobel prize to Leon M. Lederman (United States), Melvin Schwartz (United States) and Jack Steinberger (United States) awarded in 1988 "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

1962 Introduction of the SU(3) singlet-octet structure of the known mesons and octet-decuplet structure for the baryons. Prediction of the Ω^- hyperon

Nobel prize to Murray Gell-Mann (United States) awarded in 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their reactions"

1962 First evidence for the Ξ(1530P₁₃) resonance

1962 Confirmation of the existence and evidence for spin zero of the η meson

1962 Confirmation of the existence of the Ξ(1530P₁₃) resonance. First evidence for the φ(1020) resonance

1962 Determination of the spin of the K^*(892) resonance to be 1

1962 Application of Regge poles to resonances and particles

1962 Conditions for renormalizability of general gauge theories of massive vector mesons

1962 Invention of the multiperipheral model to analyze a few and many body hadronic reactions. Demonstration that multiperipheral model is capable to predict qualitatively the general features of elastic scattering, inelastic particles spectra, and topological cross sections

1962 Perturbative and general proofs of the Goldstone theorem

1963 Confirmation of the φ(1020) meson

1963 Firm establishment of the φ(1020) meson

1963 SU(3) and hadronic weak currents. Introduction of the Cabibbo angle;; predictions for the leptonic decay rates of hyperons

1963 First evidence for a double hypernucleus

1963 Derivation of the relativistic generalization of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the two-body problem in quantum field theory

1963 Further investigation of the "radiation self-polarization" effect for electrons moving in magnetic field

1964 Invention of the streamer chamber

1964 Another invention of the streamer chamber

1964 Introduction of quarks as fundamental building blocks for hadrons

Nobel prize to Murray Gell-Mann (United States) awarded in 1969 "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their reactions"

1964 Introduction of aces (quarks) as fundamental building blocks for hadrons. I.

1964 Introduction of aces (quarks) as fundamental building blocks for hadrons. II.

1964 Proposal for the existence of a charmed fundamental fermion

1964 Further example of a field theory with spontaneous symmetry breakdown, no massless goldstone boson, and massive vector bosons

1964 First evidence for a hyperon with strangeness -3, the Ω^-

1964 Confirmation of the Ω^- hyperon

1964 First evidence for the η'(958) meson

Nobel prize to Luis Walter Alvarez (United States) awarded in 1968 "for his decisive contribution to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the hydrogen bubble chamber technique and data analysis"

1964 Confirmation of the η'(958) meson

1964 First evidence for CP violation

Nobel prize to James Watson Cronin (United States) and Val Logsdon Fitch (United States) awarded in 1980 "for their discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K mesons"

1964 Introduction of the SU(6) classification of hadrons

1964 Example of a field theory with spontaneous symmetry breakdown, no massless goldstone boson, and massive vector bosons

1964 Higgs mechanism of mass generation for vector gauge fields

1964 Example of a field theory with spontaneous symmetry breakdown, no massless goldstone boson, and massive vector bosons

1964 Invention of the superweak theory for CP-violation in weak interactions

1964 Introduction of the color quantum number, and colored quarks and gluons

1964 Confirmation of the existence of the Ω^- hyperon

1964 SU(6) classification of hadrons

1964 Lagrangian for the electroweak synthesis, first estimations of the W mass. Salam-Ward version

Nobel prize to Abdus Salam (England) awarded in 1979. Co-winners Sheldon Lee Glashow (United States) and Steven Weinberg (United States) "for their contribution to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

1965 Introduction of the color quantum number, and colored quarks and gluons

1965 Introduction of an additional quantum number (the color) to resolve conflict with Fermi statistics. Explanation of the relations between magnetic moments of baryons

1965 Evidence of the antideuteron

1965 Confirmation of the antideuteron

1965 Confirmation of K_L → K_S regeneration phenomenon

1965 First evidence of the spatial-parity non-conservation in weak nuclear interactions

1965 Evidence for large real part of the nuclear scattering amplitude

1966 Confirmation of the spatial parity nonconservation in weak nuclear interactions

1966 Higgs mechanism of mass generation for vector gauge fields

1966 First cosmological upper bound on the stable neutrino masses sum

1966 Invention of the dispersion sum rules for hadronic binary amplitudes

1966 Invention of the idea of a vector gluon theory for strong interactions

1966 Three triplet model for hadrons. Beginnings of the quantum chromodynamics - QCD

1967 First attempt to explain baryonic asymmetry of the observable universe

1967 Proposal for electron cooling of the proton and antiproton bunches in storage rings

1967 First evidence for CP violation in K_L → π⁺ μ^- ν_μ decays

1967 Evidence for CP violation in semileptonic decays of the K_L

1967 Lagrangian for the electroweak synthesis, first estimations of the W and Z masses

Nobel prize to Steven Weinberg (United States) awarded in 1979. Co-winners Sheldon Lee Glashow (United States) and Abdus Salam (England) "for their contribution to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

1967 Extension of the Higgs mechanism of mass generation for non-Abelian gauge field theories. Higgs-Kibble mechanism

1967 Faddeev-Popov method for construction of Feynman rules for Yang-Mills type of gauge theories

1967 Generalization of the dispersion sum rules to non-decreasing hadronic amplitudes

1967 Lagrangian for the electroweak synthesis. Salam-Ward version

Nobel prize to Abdus Salam (England) awarded in 1979. Co-winners Sheldon Lee Glashow (United States) and Steven Weinberg (United States) "for their contribution to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

1968 Invention of multiwire proporional chambers

Nobel prize to Georges Charpak (France) awarded in 1992 "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"

1968 Observation of the φ(1020) → e^- e⁺ decay

1969 Invention of Bjorken scaling behavior

1969 First evidence for Bjorken scaling behavior

Nobel prize to Jerome I. Friedman (United States), Henry W. Kendall (United States), and Richard E. Taylor (United States) awarded in 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

1969 Confirmation of Bjorken scaling behavior

Nobel prize to Jerome I. Friedman (United States), Henry W. Kendall (United States), and Richard E. Taylor (United States) awarded in 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

1969 Proposal for scaling behavior of the inclusive spectra of produced hadrons. Birth of the partonic picture of hadron collisions. Precise formulation of exclusive and inclusive experiments dichotomy

1969 First conclusive evidence for scale invariance in hadronic inclusive experiments

1969 Experimental evidence for the increasing diffraction slope parameter

1969 Confirmation of the antimatter production in hadron nucleus collisions

1969 Explanation of Bjorken scaling with use of the parton model

1970 Introduction of lepton-quark symmetry, proposal of a fourth (charmed) quark

1970 Confirmation of scale invariance phenomena in hadronic inclusive experiments

1970 First evidence for ³He production

1970 First observation of the high mass muon pairs in hadron collisions - prototype of the experiments which lead to the discovery of the J/ψ(1S) (Ting) and Υ(1S) (Herb) as well as "Drell-Yan" analyses of quark structure functions

1971 First experimental indication of the rising total hadronic cross sections

1971 First evidence for the Ω⁺

1971 Rigorous proofs of renormalizability of the massless Yang-Mills quantum fields theory

1971 Rigorous proof of renormalizability of massive Yang-Mills quantum fields theory with spontaneously broken gauge invariance

1972 Invention of Gribov-Lipatov evolution equations for perturbative parton distribution functions in scalar and vector theories. Scaling violation prediction.

1972 Firm establishment of Bjorken scaling behavior

Nobel prize to Jerome I. Friedman (United States), Henry W. Kendall (United States), and Richard E. Taylor (United States) awarded in 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

1972 Universal regularization and renormalization method for gauge fields theories. I.

1972 Universal regularization and renormalization method for gauge fields theories. II.

1973 Evidence for cumulative effect

1973 Observation that CP violation can be accommodated in the standard electroweak model only if there are at least six quark flavours

1973 Confirmation of rising total hadronic cross sections

1973 Further confirmation of rising total hadronic cross sections

1973 First experimental indication of the existence of weak neutral currents in pure leptonic interactions

1973 First experimental evidence for weak neutral currents

1973 Discovery of the "asymptotic freedom" property of interacting Yang-Mills field theories

1973 Discovery of the "asymptotic freedom" property of interacting Yang-Mills field theories

1973 First observation of high transverse momentum hadrons at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

1973 Confirmation of observation of high transverse momentum hadrons at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

1973 Firm establishment of high transverse momentum hadrons effect at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

1973 Final formulation of the QCD and Minimal Standard Model Lagrangian

1973 Invention of the QCD Lagrangian of Yang-Mills type

1973 Final formulation of QCD theory

1973 Quark counting rules for asymptotic energy power low behavior of the binary hadronic amplitudes at large fixed angles

1973 Quark counting rules for asymptotic energy power low behavior of the binary hadronic amplitudes at large fixed angles.

1974 Confirmation of the existence of weak neutral currents

1974 Evidence for the J/PSI(1S)

Nobel prize to Samuel Chao Chung Ting (United States) awarded in 1976. Co-winner Burton Richter (United States) "for pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"

1974 Another evidence for the J/PSI(1S)

Nobel prize to Burton Richter (United States) awarded in 1976. Co-winner Samuel Chao Chung Ting (United States) "for pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"

1974 Confirmation of the existence of the J/psi(1S)

1974 First evidence for the psi(2S)

1974 First experimental evidence for the scaling violation phenomenon predicted by Gribov and Lipatov

1975 Early quark-parton model tests in neutrino interactions. Experimental evidence that partons are quarks and gluons

1975 First evidence for the charmed baryon Σ_c(2455)⁺⁺. First indication of the production of the Λ_c⁺ charmed baryon

1975 Evidence of azimuthal asymmetry in inclusive hadron production in polarized e⁺ e^- collisions. Confirmation of the quark-parton picture of hadron production

1975 First indication of the τ lepton

Nobel prize to Martin Perl awarded in 1995 "for the discovery of the τ lepton". Co-winner Frederick Reines "for the detection of the neutrino"

1975 First evidence for quark jets in e⁺ e^- annihilation

1975 First evidence for the spin 4 f₄(2050) resonance. Confirmation of linearity of Regge trajectories for the spin < 4 resonances

1975 Evidence for a spin 4 boson resonance at 2050 MeV

1975 Invention of the BPST-instanton -- the pseudoparticle solution of the Yang-Mills equation

1976 Evidence for the production of the τ lepton

Nobel prize to Martin Perl awarded in 1995 "for the discovery of the τ lepton". Co-winner Frederick Reines "for the detection of the neutrino"

1976 First evidence for the D⁰ charmed meson

1976 Evidence for large polarization of produced hyperons in p Be collisions

1976 First evidence for the production of D⁺ and D^- charmed mesons

1976 First evidence for the charmed antibaryon Λ_c^-;

1976 Confirmation of muon-antineutrino scattering off electrons. Confirmation of the weak neutral current

1976 Evidence for electron cooling

1976 Experimental confirmation of the "radiation self-polarization" effect for electrons moving in magnetic field

1977 Confirmation of the existence of the weak neutral current

1977 First evidence for D_s^±, and D_s^*± strange charmed mesons

1977 Invention of Altarelli-Parisi evolution equations for quark and gluon densities in colliding hadrons

1977 Firm establishment the of τ lepton properties

Nobel prize to Martin Perl awarded in 1995 "for the discovery of the τ lepton". Co-winner Frederick Reines "for the detection of the neutrino"

1977 Proposal of a Peccei-Quinn spontaneously broken symmetry to explain CP conservation of strong interactions

1977 First evidence of the Υ(1S) meson interpreted as a bound state of the new quarks b b. Further indication on the existence of the third quark--lepton family

1977 Evidence for the Υ(2S) resonance

1978 Evidence of strong energy dependence of spin-spin correlation parameters in large angle elastic proton propon scattering

1978 Confirmation of the Υ(1S) resonance

1978 Another confirmation of the Υ(1S) resonance

1978 Evidence for the nonnegligible spin effects in the strong interactions at high energies

1978 First evidence of the weak neutral current in atomic transitions

1978 Confirmation of weak neutral currents

1978 Evidence for stochastic cooling

Nobel prize to Simon Van der Meer (The Netherlands) awarded in 1984. Co-winner Carlo Rubbia "for decisive contribution to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z⁰, communicators of weak interactions"

1978 First evidence for elastic muon-neutrino scattering off electrons. Confirmation of weak neutral currents

1978 Confirmation of the Υ(2S) resonance

1978 Another confirmation of the Υ(2S) resonance

1978 Invention of the method of the acceleration of polarized particles to high energies - Sibirian snakes

1978 Early tests of QCD predictions for quark and gluon densities in neutrino nucleon collisions at high energies

1979 Invention of the quantum chromodynamic sum rules

1979 First evidence for the Υ(3S) state. Confirmation of the Υ(1S) and Υ(2S) states

1979 Confirmation of the Σ_c(2455)⁺⁺ and the Λ_c⁺

1979 First evidence for the gluon jet in e⁺ e^- → 3jet annihilations

1979 Confirmation of weak neutral currents

1979 Confirmation of parity nonconservation effects in atomic transitions

1979 Confirmation of the production of gluon jets

1979 Another confirmation of the production of gluon jets